Francis Cabot Lowell Invented the Power Loom

Thanks to the invention of the power loom, Great Britain dominated the global textile industry at the turn of the 19th century. Hampered by inferior looming machinery, mills in the United States struggled to compete until a Boston merchant with a penchant for industrial espionage named Francis Cabot Lowell came along.   Origins of the Power Loom Looms, which are used to weave fabric, have been around for thousands of years. But until the 18th century, they were manually operated, which made the production of cloth a slow process. That changed in 1784 when the English inventor Edmund Cartwright designed the first mechanical loom. His first version was impractical to operate on a commercial basis, but within five years Cartwright had improved his design and was weaving fabric in Doncaster, England. Cartwrights mill was a commercial failure, and he was forced to relinquish his equipment as part of filing for bankruptcy in 1793. Britains textile industry, however, was booming, and other inventors continued to refine Cartwrights invention. In 1842,  James Bullough and William Kenworthy  had introduced a fully automated loom, a design that would become the industry standard for the next century. America vs. Britain As the Industrial Revolution boomed in Great Britain, that nations leaders passed a number of laws designed to protect their dominance. It was illegal to sell power looms or the plans for building them to foreigners, and mill workers were forbidden to emigrate. This prohibition didnt just protect the British textile industry, it also made it nearly impossible for American textile manufacturers, who were still using manual looms, to compete. Enter Francis Cabot Lowell  (1775 to 1817), a Boston-based merchant who specialized in the international trade of textiles and other goods. Lowell had seen firsthand how international conflict jeopardized the American economy with its dependence on foreign goods. The only way to neutralize this threat, Lowell reasoned, was for America to develop a domestic textile industry of its own that was capable of mass production. During a visit to Great Britain in 1811, Francis Cabot Lowell spied on the new British textile industry. Using his contacts, he visited a number of mills in England, sometimes in disguise. Unable to buy drawings or a model of a power loom, he committed the power loom design to memory. Upon his return to Boston, he recruited master mechanic Paul Moody to help him recreate what he had seen. Backed by a group of investors called Boston Associates, Lowell and Moody opened their first functional power mill in  Waltham, Mass., in 1814. Congress imposed a series of  duty tariffs  on imported cotton in 1816, 1824, and 1828, making American textiles more competitive still. The Lowell Mill Girls Lowells power mill wasnt his only contribution to American industry. He also set a new standard for working conditions by hiring young women to run the machinery, something nearly unheard of in that era. In exchange for signing a one-year contract, Lowell paid the women relatively well by contemporary standards, provided housing, and offered educational and training opportunities. When the mill cut wages and increased hours in 1834, the  Lowell Mill Girls, as his employees were known, formed the  Factory Girls Association  to agitate for better compensation. Although their efforts at organizing met with mixed success, they earned the attention of author  Charles Dickens, who visited the mill in 1842.   Dickens praised what he saw, noting that: The rooms in which they worked were as well ordered as themselves. In the windows of some, there were green plants, which were trained to shade the glass; in all, there was as much fresh air, cleanliness, and comfort as the nature of the occupation would possibly admit of.   Lowells Legacy Francis Cabot Lowell died in 1817 at the age of 42, but his work did not die with him. Capitalized at $400,000, the Waltham mill dwarfed its competition. So great were the profits at Waltham that the Boston Associates soon established additional mills in Massachusetts, first at East Chelmsford (later renamed in Lowells honor), and then Chicopee, Manchester, and Lawrence. By 1850, Boston Associates controlled one-fifth of Americas textile production and had expanded into other industries, including railroads, finance, and insurance. As their fortunes grew, the Boston Associates turned to philanthropy, establishing hospitals and schools, and to politics, playing a prominent role in the Whig Party in Massachusetts. The company would continue to operate until 1930 when it collapsed during the Great Depression. Sources Green, Amy. Francis Cabot Lowell and the Boston Manufacturing Company. CharlesRiverMuseum.org. Accessed 8 March 2018.Yaeger, Robert. Francis Cabot Lowell: Brief Life of an American Entrepreneur: 1775-1817. Harvard Magazine. September-October 2010.Lowell Mill Girls and the Factory System, 1840. GilderLehman.org. Accessed 8 March 2018.

American Culture The United States Army - 1268 Words

These days America is full of controversy there seems to be separation in almost everything. One thing about American culture that brings everyone together is the United States military. We love the men and women who serve in our armed forces. As a child, I was filled with pride because of what my dad accomplished while he was in the service. He moved up in rank fast and often during his time. He was in the 82nd airborne a prestigious outfit in the United States army. It is my experience that things are not always what they seem especially I will explain how the United States army combined with technology set the course for my family construct. My father left for the Cold War in 1986 when he was shipped to Germany and was there for almost three years. While he was there, he was stabbed in the back of the head and was in a coma for three weeks. When I hear stories about my dad and who he was before he left, it is easy for me to understand where I got my personality. We were both funny and always to do something that would make others smile. I always hear how much alike we were. The problem was when my dad returned, he was different then before he left. He returned home to the United States in late 1988 and as my mother described, he had lost his mind. He was diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia and she said it was too much for her, so she divorced him. I was young and did not understand what was happening, nor did I understand what was happening with my dad. As I became aShow MoreRelatedNew Uniform and Appearance Standards in Army Regulation 670-1895 Words   |  4 PagesIt is impossible to form a perspective on how Army uniform polices relates to Army professionalism without first accepting that Army professionalism itself is an arbitrary concept. On 31st March 2014, the United States Army published new uniform and appearance standards in Army Regulation 670-1 and immediately faced a mixture of vehement resentment and patriotic acceptance. 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Up in Arms About Apa Annotated Bibliography?

Up in Arms About Apa Annotated Bibliography? Vital Pieces of Apa Annotated Bibliography The ebook reveals the demands of cultural conduct. Go on reading and you'll no longer have any difficulties with this formatting style. Generally speaking, all of the bibliography styles are extremely simple, it is simply an issue of understanding. What You Need to Know About Apa Annotated Bibliography An annotation is more than just a succinct overview of a report, book, Web site or other kind of publication. While an abstract also summarizes a report, book, Web site or other sort of publication, it's purely descriptive. Type Annotated Bibliography on top and center-align it on the webpage. Things You Should Know About Apa Annotated Bibliography These comments are also called annotations. An annotation should provide enough info to produce a reader decide whether to read the comprehensive work. Fortunately, there aren't a lot of them and it is fairly simple to deliver an appropriate annotation structure. Content is the thing that belongs in the annotation, and style is the manner in which you write this up. There's no particular style to compose the annotation, it's mainly enjoy an indented paragraph. Things You Should Know About Apa Annotated Bibliography Inside this book of nonfiction depending on the journalist's experiential research, Ehrenreich attempts to ascertain whether it's currently feasible for a person to live on a minimum-wage in the us. Writing an annotated bibliography will be able to help you get a great perspective on what's being said about your topic. Where to Find Apa Annotated Bibliography What's more, a writer may also download sample annotated bibliography paper from internet that is readily accessible online. As you may wind up not utilizing each of these sources in your paper, acquiring a comprehensive list will allow it to be easier later on when you prepare your reference section. Lastly including a bibliography is purposeful because the reader will get to understand the numerous sources you've derived the information from. Pick the location in which you need to begin the citation. Bibliography APA generator is helpful for students, who would like to get the sources to be cited in the particular format. APA format bibliography is particularly essential for you as sufficient quantity of time can be saved for creating citations. Extracted from URL Now you've nearly every bibliography example and is going to have no issues with an APA format! The APA style bibliography maker enables the students to get refined sources which are specifically beneficial for their respective field of study. Among the biggest reasons to make an APA format bibliography is just to produce the research and writing process simpler. An annotated bibliography might be a part of a bigger project or it may also be a stand-alone assignmen t. Your working bibliography ought to be kept separate from the remainder of your paper. Possessing a higher-good superior illustration facing you, it's possible to design a listing of suggestions within a proper way. If you've preferred pertinent sources for your own get the business done, you should visit the link between the interest of your respective theme in addition to the provider. Possessing a high-quality example facing you, you'll be in a position to structure a list of references in an acceptable way. One of the fundamental characteristic of bibliography APA format is that names of all of the authors arrive in the very first example of in-text citation. Now you're ready to start writing your very own annotated bibliography. APA bibliography format involves framing the key citations according to the standards of APA. MLA style doesn't require URLs in bibliographic citations, but for an annotated bibliography, you may want to include it so it is simple to find th e website again. The initial four elements above are typically a required portion of the annotated bibliography. Some sites offer an annotated bibliography maker. One of the most frequently used annotated bibliography styles is APA.

Would You Sign Charles 1 Death Warrant free essay sample

Charles I did not cooperate or want to work with parliament. He believed very strongly in divine right and abided by it throughout his reign. This is what started the civil war. This however does not mean that Charles should have been sentenced to death. Firstly there was no law in English History that dealt with the trial of a monarch and the order was based on an ancient roman law. The public were not allowed into the court until the charge was read out. This leaves a lingering question as to why they would do this if the y felt that their case against Charles was just. Charles was not given a fair guilty verdict. There were only 135 judges in the jury some were Parliament, army officers and land owners. Out of the 135 judges only 80 showed up so he automatically had 55 judges pleading not guilty. 68 of the 80 judges said that Charles was guilty. We will write a custom essay sample on Would You Sign Charles 1 Death Warrant or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page So far in total there were 67 people who found him not guilty. Only 59 judges actually signed the death warrant. The odds were for Charles not being sent to death. The death warrant was not justified because the evidence did not support a guilty verdict. Charles refused to himself against the charges put forward by Parliament. Finally on 27th January 1649 when Charles refused to defend himself he was sentenced to death at the High Court of Justice meeting in Westminster Hall. The first charge of the case was â€Å"That he did ignore the will of Parliament and ruled according to his own will. † In this particular charge Charles was guilty as he did not consult parliament over important decisions and he only took advice from a small group of people whom he liked. He raised taxes without parliaments consent. Charles did not believe he was doing anything wrong because he believed in divine right which meant God had chosen him to be his representative and only God could judge any unjust behaviour; no law of court had a right to pass judgement over him. Anyone who went against this and attempted to restrict his power as king would be defying the will of God and may involve a sacrilegious act. Also Charless had the right to decide to rule without Parliament because it was technically within the Kings royal prerogative. The second charge was â€Å"That he did wickedly make war on his own subjects. even though Charles went to oxford to raise an army against parliament civil war simply could not be avoided because of the high amount of conflict between Charles and Parliament. When Charles needed money to defend himself against the Scots he had no choice but to go to parliament for help. Now parliament had a hold over King Charles and ordered the Earl of Stratford, one of Charles most important ministers, to execution. Charles retaliated by attempting to arrest five MPS, who were the biggest critics, he failed because they had heard new of this and fled. Overall the Civil War was the fault of both Parliament and the King. Charge three was â€Å"that he was responsible for all the murders, raping’s, burnings. † parliament controlled the richer and more densely south east so Charles could not have been responsible for ALL of these accusations. The next charge was â€Å"That he started war after being defeated. † Parliament offered him an agreement that they would rule but Charles could keep his monarchy. This offer made by Parliament went against Charles beliefs of divine right so he did not agree. Charles also surrendered to the Scots after he was defeated. I would not have signed Charles death warrant because it was illegal and wrong. Oliver Cromwell was not fair to the king and some of the charges which were made against him were not right. The death warrant should never been signed because most of the jury did not even bother to turn up because they thought it was not right and out of the ones that did turn up only 59 signed the actual death warrant, one of them being Oliver Cromwell therefore he should never have been sentenced to death.